Japanese medium-format VF and RF (edit) | |
---|---|
6×9 | Fujica G690/GL690 Fujica GW690/GSW690 Mamiya Press Marshal Press |
6×8 | Fujica GW680/GSW680 |
6×7 | Fujifilm GF670 Fujica GM670 Fujica GW670 Koni-Omega Makina 67 Mamiya 7 |
6×6 | Mamiya 6 |
4.5×6 | Bronica RF645 Fujifilm GA645 Fujifilm GA645i Fujifilm GA645W Fujifilm GA645Wi Fujifilm GA645Zi Fujica GS645 / GS645S / GS645W |
Japanese medium format SLR and TLR -> | |
Other Japanese 6×6, 4.5×6, 3×4 and 4×4 -> |
The Fuji GS645 series of compact medium format cameras was released in the early 1980's. They share a nearly identical body and available with fixed lenses of various focal lengths. The GS645 and GS645S uses rangefinder type focusing while the GS645W is scale focusing. They take 120 and 220 film using a 6 x 4.5 format and were known for very sharp lenses. The design of the cameras results in the viewfinder being in a portrait format orientation instead of the more common landscape format.
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They feature a leaf shutter based design using a Copal #00 shutter with speeds of 1 to 1/500 of a sec. The built-in light meter is activated by pressing the shutter release button half way. The meters ISO settings are adjusted on the lens barrel, it's setting window is sandwiched between the aperture and shutter speed rings. The meter uses three LED lights +, o and -; in the viewfinder to aid in exposure. The film transport is manually operated with a single stroke film advance lever on the top plate of the camera. Advancing the film also cocks the shutter. Surrounding the shutter release button is a release lock. A hot shoe is provided for external flash and can be synced at any shutter speed. The film counter is on the back of the top plate. These cameras are powered by 2x LR44 batteries located on the bottom base plate. A tripod mount is also provided.
Meter display | |
---|---|
LED | status |
+ | 1 or more over |
o and + | 1 over |
o and + (half) | 1/3 over |
o | correct exposure |
o and - (half) | 1/3 under |
o and - | 1 under |
- | 1 or more under |
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The camera back contains a film box reminder holder and a 120/220 indicator. Inside the back a pressure plate to switch between 120 and 220 film. Press and move the plate so the desired film type is indicated. When the cameras are loaded with 120 film it will produce 15 exposures, 220 will do 30 exposures and half roll 120 will produce 7 exposures. Loading the film is very easy with these cameras, with the back open; press the red spool release buttons. Remember the take up spool is located on the right, the same side as the film advance lever and the film is on the eyepiece side. Insert the spools using the top spindles and lock with the spool buttons. Draw the paper leader from the film side to the take up reel; inserting the head into the spool slot. Advance the film until the start mark on the film is lined up with the indicator on the body.
Gallery
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GS645
GS645W image by Mustafa Dogan(Image rights) |
The Fujica GS645 Professional was released in March 1983[1] and is a foldingrangefinder camera utilizing a bellows for focusing. It has a EBC Fujion S 75mm f/3.4 lens comprised of 5 elements with the closest focus distance at 1m. Aperture stops on the lens include 22, 16, 11, 8, 5.6, 4, and 3.4. To open the camera pull the lock button on the front cover, and swing it till it locks with a snap. To close make sure the lens focus ring is set to infinity and the shutter is cocked. Press the knobs on the inside of the lens cover to release the lock and swing the cover towards the body. The light meters has a measuring range of 3.5 to 18 EV and can be set from 25 to 1600 ISO in 1/3 stops. The finder contains a coupled type double image rangefinder for focusing. A 0.63x magnification with a 39.5 mm baseline which is a 24.9 mm effective baseline. Bright lines are present with automatic parallax correction to assist in framing.
GS645W
The Fujica GS645W Professional Wide was released in October 1983[1] and is a viewfinder camera with scale focusing. It uses an EBC Fujion W 45mm f/5.6 lens comprised of 6 elements. The camera was thought to complement a 35mm or 4x5 camera for on location shooting, especially landscape and mountain photograps. For this reason Fuji also selected the 45mm lens.[1] It is a 35mm equivalent to 28mm. Filters of 49mm can be used. Aperture stops on the lens include 22, 16, 11, 8 and 5.6. The light meter has a measuring range of 3.5 to 18 EV and can be set from 25 to 1600 ISO in 1/3 stops. The viewfinder has a bright frame and parallax correction indicator, it has a 0.45x magnification. Scale focusing is used on the GS645W lens with a range of 1m to inf. with markings at 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 10 meters and inf. Click stops at 2 and 5 meter markings. The viewfinder is a reverse Galilean type with a parallax correction indicator. A 0.45x magnification with a 90% field of view at 1m, and 87% at inf.
GS645S
The Fuji GS645S Professional Wide60 was released 1 October 1984 and is a rangefinder camera that uses a newly designed EBC Fujion W 60mm f/4 Orthometar-type lens comprised of 7 elements in 5 groups, mounted in a mechanical Copal 00 shutter[1]. The 60mm lens was chosen with snapshots in the city, or group pictures in mind, for which Fuji received user feedback saying the 45mm was too wide.[1] The lens is a 35mm equivalent to 35mm, with a 49mm filter thread. Aperture stops on the lens include 22, 16, 11, 8, 5.6, and 4. In the case of the S version it is protected by a circular 'cow bar'. The light meter has a measuring range of 4 to 18 EV and can be set from 25 to 1600 ISO in 1/3 stops. The finder contains a coupled type double image rangefinder for focusing. A 0.5x magnification with a 40 mm baseline which is a 20 mm effective baseline. Bright lines are present with automatic parallax correction to assist in framing. Together with the GS645S Fuji released the GS-grip, to be able to turn a flash 90 degrees and avoid vignetting of the vertical film frame. There is also space to store one medium format film inside the grip[1]
Fuji GS645 specification matrix
Fujica GS645 | Fujica GS645W | Fuji GS645S | |
---|---|---|---|
Introduction | 1983 | 1984 | |
Type | folding | non-folding | |
Lens | 75mm f/3.4 | 45mm f/5.6 | 60mm f/4 |
Aperture | 22, 16, 11, 8, 5.6, 4, and 3.4 | 22, 16, 11, 8 and 5.6 | 22, 16, 11, 8, 5.6, and 4 |
Focus | rangefinder | scale | rangefinder |
Finder | 0.63x | 0.45x | 0.5x |
Bibliography
- Lewis, Gordon, ed. The History of the Japanese Camera. Rochester, N.Y.: George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography & Film, 1991. ISBN 0-935398-17-1 (paper), 0-935398-16-3 (hard). P. 173.
- Omoide no supuringu-kamera-ten (思い出のスプリングカメラ展, Exhibition of beloved self-erecting cameras). Tokyo: JCII Camera Museum, 1992. (Exhibition catalogue, no ISBN number.) P. 8.
- Sugiyama, Kōichi (杉山浩一); Naoi, Hiroaki (直井浩明); Bullock, John R. The Collector's Guide to Japanese Cameras. 国産カメラ図鑑 (Kokusan kamera zukan). Tokyo: Asahi Sonorama, 1985. ISBN 4-257-03187-5. Items 1312–3.
Notes
- ↑ 1.01.11.21.31.41.5Shashin Kōgyō (Photographic Industries) December 1984 pp 66-79.
Links
In French and English:
- Fuji GS645 on www.collection-appareils.com by Sylvain Halgand
In Polish:
- Fuji Ka? Fujica! on www.stegierski.com by Rafał Stęgierski
.NET Standard is a formal specification of .NET APIs that are intended to be available on all .NET implementations. The motivation behind .NET Standard is to establish greater uniformity in the .NET ecosystem. ECMA 335 continues to establish uniformity for .NET implementation behavior, and while ECMA 335 specifies a small set of standard libraries, the .NET Standard specification encompasses a broader range of .NET APIs.
.NET Standard enables the following key scenarios:
- Defines uniform set of BCL APIs for all .NET implementations to implement, independent of workload.
- Enables developers to produce portable libraries that are usable across .NET implementations, using this same set of APIs.
- Reduces or even eliminates conditional compilation of shared source due to .NET APIs, only for OS APIs.
The various .NET implementations target specific versions of .NET Standard. Each .NET implementation version advertises the highest .NET Standard version it supports, a statement that means it also supports previous versions. For example, .NET Framework 4.6 implements .NET Standard 1.3, which means that it exposes all APIs defined in .NET Standard versions 1.0 through 1.3. Similarly, .NET Framework 4.6.1 implements .NET Standard 1.4, while .NET Core 1.0 implements .NET Standard 1.6.
.NET implementation support
The following table lists the minimum platform versions that support each .NET Standard version. That means that later versions of a listed platform also support the corresponding .NET Standard version. For example, .NET Core 2.2 supports .NET Standard 2.0 and earlier.
.NET Standard | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.NET Core | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
.NET Framework 1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5.1 | 4.6 | 4.6.1 | 4.6.1 2 | 4.6.1 2 | 4.6.1 2 | N/A3 |
Mono | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 6.4 |
Xamarin.iOS | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.14 | 12.16 |
Xamarin.Mac | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 5.16 |
Xamarin.Android | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 |
Universal Windows Platform | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0.16299 | 10.0.16299 | 10.0.16299 | TBD |
Unity | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | 2018.1 | TBD |
1 The versions listed for .NET Framework apply to .NET Core 2.0 SDK and later versions of the tooling. Older versions used a different mapping for .NET Standard 1.5 and higher. You can download tooling for .NET Core tools for Visual Studio 2015 if you cannot upgrade to Visual Studio 2017 or a later version.
2 The versions listed here represent the rules that NuGet uses to determine whether a given .NET Standard library is applicable. While NuGet considers .NET Framework 4.6.1 as supporting .NET Standard 1.5 through 2.0, there are several issues with consuming .NET Standard libraries that were built for those versions from .NET Framework 4.6.1 projects. For .NET Framework projects that need to use such libraries, we recommend that you upgrade the project to target .NET Framework 4.7.2 or higher.
3 .NET Framework won't support .NET Standard 2.1 or later versions. For more details, see the announcement of .NET Standard 2.1.
- The columns represent .NET Standard versions. Each header cell is a link to a document that shows which APIs got added in that version of .NET Standard.
- The rows represent the different .NET implementations.
- The version number in each cell indicates the minimum version of the implementation you'll need in order to target that .NET Standard version.
- For an interactive table, see .NET Standard versions.
To find the highest version of .NET Standard that you can target, do the following steps:
- Find the row that indicates the .NET implementation you want to run on.
- Find the column in that row that indicates your version starting from right to left.
- The column header indicates the .NET Standard version that your target supports. You may also target any lower .NET Standard version. Higher .NET Standard versions will also support your implementation.
- Repeat this process for each platform you want to target. If you have more than one target platform, you should pick the smaller version among them. For example, if you want to run on .NET Framework 4.5 and .NET Core 1.0, the highest .NET Standard version you can use is .NET Standard 1.1.
Which .NET Standard version to target
When choosing a .NET Standard version, you should consider this trade-off:
- The higher the version, the more APIs are available to you.
- The lower the version, the more platforms implement it.
In general, we recommend you to target the lowest version of .NET Standard possible. So, after you find the highest .NET Standard version you can target, follow these steps:
- Target the next lower version of .NET Standard and build your project.
- If your project builds successfully, repeat step 1. Otherwise, retarget to the next higher version and that's the version you should use.
However, targeting lower .NET Standard versions introduces a number of support dependencies. If your project targets .NET Standard 1.x, we recommend that you also target .NET Standard 2.0. This simplifies the dependency graph for users of your library that run on .NET Standard 2.0 compatible frameworks, and it reduces the number of packages they need to download.
.NET Standard versioning rules
There are two primary versioning rules:
- Additive: .NET Standard versions are logically concentric circles: higher versions incorporate all APIs from previous versions. There are no breaking changes between versions.
- Immutable: Once shipped, .NET Standard versions are frozen. New APIs first become available in specific .NET implementations, such as .NET Core. If the .NET Standard review board believes the new APIs should be available for all .NET implementations, they're added in a new .NET Standard version.
Specification
The .NET Standard specification is a standardized set of APIs. The specification is maintained by .NET implementors, specifically Microsoft (includes .NET Framework, .NET Core, and Mono) and Unity. A public feedback process is used as part of establishing new .NET Standard versions through GitHub.
Official artifacts
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The official specification is a set of .cs files that define the APIs that are part of the standard. The ref directory in the dotnet/standard repository defines the .NET Standard APIs.
The NETStandard.Library metapackage (source) describes the set of libraries that define (in part) one or more .NET Standard versions.
A given component, like System.Runtime
, describes:
- Part of .NET Standard (just its scope).
- Multiple versions of .NET Standard, for that scope.
Derivative artifacts are provided to enable more convenient reading and to enable certain developer scenarios (for example, using a compiler).
- Reference assemblies, distributed as NuGet packages and referenced by the NETStandard.Library metapackage.
Package representation
The primary distribution vehicle for the .NET Standard reference assemblies is NuGet packages. Implementations are delivered in a variety of ways, appropriate for each .NET implementation.
NuGet packages target one or more frameworks. The .NET Standard packages target the '.NET Standard' framework. You can target the .NET Standard framework using the netstandard
compact TFM (for example, netstandard1.4
). Libraries that are intended to run on multiple runtimes should target this framework. For the broadest set of APIs, target netstandard2.0
since the number of available APIs more than doubled between .NET Standard 1.6 and 2.0.
The NETStandard.Library
metapackage references the complete set of NuGet packages that define .NET Standard. The most common way to target netstandard
is by referencing this metapackage. It describes and provides access to the ~40 .NET libraries and associated APIs that define .NET Standard. You can reference additional packages that target netstandard
to get access to additional APIs.
Versioning
The specification is not singular, but an incrementally growing and linearly versioned set of APIs. The first version of the standard establishes a baseline set of APIs. Subsequent versions add APIs and inherit APIs defined by previous versions. There is no established provision for removing APIs from the standard.
.NET Standard is not specific to any one .NET implementation, nor does it match the versioning scheme of any of those runtimes.
APIs added to any of the implementations (such as, .NET Framework, .NET Core and Mono) can be considered as candidates to add to the specification, particularly if they are thought to be fundamental in nature. New versions of .NET Standard are created based on .NET implementation releases, enabling you to target new APIs from a .NET Standard PCL. The versioning mechanics are described in more detail in .NET Core Versioning.
.NET Standard versioning is important for usage. Given a .NET Standard version, you can use libraries that target that same or lower version. The following approach describes the workflow for using .NET Standard PCLs, specific to .NET Standard targeting.
- Select a .NET Standard version to use for your PCL.
- Use libraries that depend on the same .NET Standard version or lower.
- If you find a library that depends on a higher .NET Standard version, you either need to adopt that same version or decide not to use that library.
Targeting .NET Standard
You can build .NET Standard Libraries using a combination of the netstandard
framework and the NETStandard.Library metapackage. You can see examples of targeting the .NET Standard with .NET Core tools.
.NET Framework compatibility mode
Starting with .NET Standard 2.0, the .NET Framework compatibility mode was introduced. This compatibility mode allows .NET Standard projects to reference .NET Framework libraries as if they were compiled for .NET Standard. Referencing .NET Framework libraries doesn't work for all projects, such as libraries that use Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) APIs.
For more information, see .NET Framework compatibility mode.
.NET Standard libraries and Visual Studio
In order to build .NET Standard libraries in Visual Studio, make sure you have Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3 or later installed on Windows, or Visual Studio for Mac version 7.1 or later installed on macOS.
If you only need to consume .NET Standard 2.0 libraries in your projects, you can also do that in Visual Studio 2015. However, you need NuGet client 3.6 or higher installed. You can download the NuGet client for Visual Studio 2015 from the NuGet downloads page.
Comparison to Portable Class Libraries
.NET Standard is the replacement for Portable Class Libraries (PCL). The .NET Standard improves on the experience of creating portable libraries by curating a standard BCL and establishing greater uniformity across .NET implementations as a result. A library that targets .NET Standard is a PCL or a '.NET Standard-based PCL'. Existing PCLs are 'profile-based PCLs'.
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.NET Standard and PCL profiles were created for similar purposes but also differ in key ways.
Similarities:
- Define APIs that can be used for binary code sharing.
Differences:
- .NET Standard is a curated set of APIs, while PCL profiles are defined by intersections of existing platforms.
- .NET Standard linearly versions, while PCL profiles do not.
- PCL profiles represents Microsoft platforms while the .NET Standard is platform-agnostic.
PCL compatibility
.NET Standard is compatible with a subset of PCL profiles. .NET Standard 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 each overlap with a set of PCL profiles. This overlap was created for two reasons:
- Enable .NET Standard-based PCLs to reference profile-based PCLs.
- Enable profile-based PCLs to be packaged as .NET Standard-based PCLs.
Profile-based PCL compatibility is provided by the Microsoft.NETCore.Portable.Compatibility NuGet package. This dependency is required when referencing NuGet packages that contain profile-based PCLs.
Profile-based PCLs packaged as netstandard
are easier to consume than typically packaged profile-based PCLs. netstandard
packaging is compatible with existing users.
You can see the set of PCL profiles that are compatible with the .NET Standard:
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PCL Profile | .NET Standard | PCL Platforms |
---|---|---|
Profile7 | 1.1 | .NET Framework 4.5, Windows 8 |
Profile31 | 1.0 | Windows 8.1, Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 |
Profile32 | 1.2 | Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8.1 |
Profile44 | 1.2 | .NET Framework 4.5.1, Windows 8.1 |
Profile49 | 1.0 | .NET Framework 4.5, Windows Phone Silverlight 8 |
Profile78 | 1.0 | .NET Framework 4.5, Windows 8, Windows Phone Silverlight 8 |
Profile84 | 1.0 | Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 |
Profile111 | 1.1 | .NET Framework 4.5, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8.1 |
Profile151 | 1.2 | .NET Framework 4.5.1, Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8.1 |
Profile157 | 1.0 | Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1 |
Profile259 | 1.0 | .NET Framework 4.5, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8.1, Windows Phone Silverlight 8 |